Identify the moves in the following introductions:

1. Move1 - Three recent publications serve to illustrate the growing interest in the teaching and researching of Business English (BE) amongst language teachers and researchers: the 1993 bibliography compiled by Kennedy, Hewings and Dudas, which lists research into various aspects of business communication, Dudley Evans and St. Johns’ review of BE research and teaching materials, and the 1996 special issue of English for Specific Purposes edited by St. John and Johnson, which contains articles relating to BE research and teaching, and the implications of research for teaching.

Move 1 - As these and other publications show, there as been a gradual but steady increase in Business English research during the 1990s in cross-cultural and intercultural studies, investigating the English used in business settings by native and non-native speakers (Yamada, 1990; Maier, 1992; Yli-Jokipii, 1994; Akar and Louhiala-Salminen, 1999). This no doubt reflects the fact that not only in English the language of international business but also that “as an international language, English is used as the means of communication in business transactions between people none of whom is a native user of the language” (Robinson, 1991, p. 98).

Move 2 - Despite the interest in both teaching and researching Business English in general, and in cross-cultural research in particular, little is known about the effectiveness of using hands-on cross-cultural and intercultural research as way of raising student awareness of the problems native and non-native speakers may experience in intercultural business encounters. This paper therefore outlines a course we have developed in research methods for intercultural text analysis for final year masters students in the business communication department at the University of Nijmegen. It begins with brief details of the background to the course, and it presents the literature we discuss and the types of activities we use during classroom sessions together with several examples of past student research projects. The paper concludes with discussion of some of the methodological problems we have encountered whilst developing and teaching the course, and, wherever this has been possible, the solutions that we have found and incorporated into our teaching.
(Nickerson & Van Nus, 1999).

2. Move 2 - An elaborate system of marking social distance and respect is found in the morphology of Nahuatl as spoken in communities of the Malinche volcano area in the Mexican states of Tlaxcala and Puebla. The complexity of the morphology involved, the semantic range of the elements, and the variation in the system in use raise questions of considerable interest for our understanding of the form and function of such systems, both in Nahuatl itself and in other languages.A system of elements usually referred to as 'honorifics' or 'reverentials' is reported by all the grammarians of Classical Nahuatl (cf. Olmos, 1547; Molina, 1571a; Carochi, 1645; Simeon, 1885; Garibay, 1970; Anderson, 1973; Andrews, 1975). Similar systems are reported for several modern varieties of Nahuatl (cf. Whorf, 1946 for Milpa Alta in the Federal District; Pitman, 1948 for Tetelcingo in Morelos; and Buchler and Freeze, 1966 and Buhler, 1967 for Hueyapan and Atempan in northern Puebla). None of these reports, except for Pittman's, describes the system in much detail. The present account is based on materials collected in 1974-75 and during the summer of 1976 in a linguistic survey of Nahuatl-speaking communities on the western and south-western slopes of the Malinche volcano.

3. Move 1 - In recent years applied researchers have become increasingly interested in the interpersonal relationships with manager-subordinate dyads. The majority of studies have focused on actual similarity between managers and their subordinates as related to managers’ appraisals of subordinates’ performance, subordinates’ job satisfaction and subordinates’ evaluations of their managers.

Move 1 - A few studies have examined the extent to which subordinates congruently perceive their managers (referred to here as “subordinate’s perceptual congruence”). These studies suggest that subordinates who are more perceptually aware of their superiors’ work-related attitudes receive higher performance evaluations and are more satisfied with their superiors.

Move 2 - Each of these previous studies has researched only a part of this complex dyadic interpersonal relationship. First, none of the studies has examined the effects of a manager’s congruent perception of a subordinate’s work-related attitudes. Second, no studies can be found that directly compare the relative importance of actual similarity with that of perceptual congruence. Third, none of the previous studies has looked at interpersonal perception by the manager and by the subordinates simultaneously within the same dyad.

Move 3 - The purpose of the present field investigation was to study both actual similarity and perceptual congruence and to examine them from the perspective of both the manager and the subordinate. The study investigated the relationships of these perceptual processes in two important organizational outcomes: subordinates’ satisfaction with work and supervision, and managers’ evaluations of subordinates’ job performance. Specifically, the study examined: (a) the relative magnitude of perceptual congruence and actual similarity with these two organizational outcomes; (b) whether the more congruently a subordinate perceives the manager (subordinate’s perceptual congruence), the more satisfied the subordinate will be; and (c) whether the more congruently a manager perceives the subordinate (manager’s perceptual congruence), the higher the subordinate’s performance will be evaluated.

4. Move 3 - Over the past twenty years there have been a number of significant changes to the health care system in Australia. These changes have occurred at the local, state, and federal levels. This paper will examine reforms at the state level for Victoria. This focus has been chosen because it is at this level that changes have had the most impact. Rather than superficially describing a large number of reforms, a detailed description and analysis will be presented of three revisions: the Workcare system, the deinstitutionalization of mental health patients, and the introduction of case-mix funding.

5. Move 2 - The thermal properties of glassy materials at low temperatures are still not completely understood. The thermal conductivity has a plateau which is usually in the range 5 to 10K and below this temperature it has a temperature dependence which varies approximately as T. The specific heat below 4K is much larger than that which would be expected from the Debye theory and it often has an additional term which is proportional to T. Some progress has been made towards understanding the thermal behaviour by assuming that there is a cut-off in the photon spectrum at high frequencies (Zaitlin and Anderson, 1975a, b) and that there is an additional system of low-lying two-level states (Anderson et al., 1972; Phillips, 1972). Nevertheless more experimental data are required and in particular it would seem desirable to make experiments on glassy samples whose properties can be varied slightly from one to the other. The present investigation reports attempts to do this by using various samples of the same epoxy resin which have been subjected to different curing cycles. Measurements of the specific heat (or the diffusing) and the thermal conductivity have been taken in the temperature range 0.1 to 80K for a set of specimens which covered up to nine different curing cycles. (Kelham and Rosenburg, 1981)

Miniature review on the Theoretical Discussion of Citations

Some researchers or authors (e.g., Bavelas, 1978) agree that citations are the basic tool to persuade your reader to trust your researches. Because they can collect a lot of research papers or experiment evidences about their field study. However,others may not agree with that. The other researchers may just focus on their own research or believe what they saw in the whole studing period. In doing this way, the team has to spend a lot of time to build their own data base. It is a time consuming process. Most people will not pay too much attention on the basic thing before starting their research. Another basic idea about citations is that it is a way to show respect to previous scholars (e.g., Ravetzs, 1971). Take the Nobel prize for example, it is the best way to show other scholars or the world's people to show their respect to the most useful research or authors. Other researcher may focus on different aspects about academic writing.


Pro: Researchers generally agree that .....; however, there is considerably disagreement about ..... Some researcher (e.g., Revetz, 1999) claim that citations ..... Other researcher, focusing on the ethical aspects of academic writing, claim that .... Johnson (1998) provides a different approach, claiming that .... In short, researchers have tended to ..... In the future, more research needs to be conducted on ...

summarizing paragraphs

1. Today electronic communication plays an important key to share personal ideas to others, and to do reserch.

2. An effective teacher needs to vary techniques and to have a variety of teaching methods and learning activities to facilitate the maximun learning for as many students as possible.

This is a summary come from Joseph M. Williams, The Craft of Research, chapter one: Thinking in print. The world changes every day because of reserch, not always for the better. But done well, research is crucial to improving every facet of our lives. It is no exaggeration to say that your research and your reports of it can improve perhaps not the whole world, but at least your corner of it. Writing supports thoughts, not just by helping you understand better what you have found, but by helping you find in it larger patterns of meaning. You can improve your thinking when you encourage it with notes, outlines, summaries, commentary, and other forms of thinking on paper. Writing a research report is thinking from the point of view of your readers. When you write with others in mind, you give your ideas the critical attention they need and deserve. You distangle them from your memories and wishes, so that you can explore, expand, combine, and understand them more fully. Thinking in written form for others can be more careful, more sustained, more attuned to those with different views - more thoughtful - than just about any other kind of thinking.

Revise the following draft

Turkey is located in a region that is shaken by severe earthquakes every year. The earthquakes caused by Central Anatolian Fault Zone which is one of the most active fault zones in the world, and it lies along the northern part of the country, going from southeast to northwest. The reason that the earthquakes cause a lot of damage and death of many people is not only the nature of the fault zone, but also that there are many cities and highways settled on it. It is just because of the lack of the information of this big giant in the regional planning of the country. There is no way that Turkey can't be affected from severe shaking in each year, and the most serious one occurred in August 1999. This earthquake affected a big area as wide as two kilometer and caused approximately 20,000 people death and millions dollars physical damage in three cities. In recent years, some early warning systems have been developed to be aware of the upcoming shakings, one possible method of the system is to build several hundred detectives in the deepth of the ground. Althought these can give warnings as short as 10 second before the shakings, if there is a well-planned rescue organization, this system may help to decrease, at least, the death rates in the earthquakes.